Our preliminarily screening identified candidate genes and metabolites specifically affected in albino A. Further analysis of the DEG–SCM correlation network and the photosynthetic carbon fixation pathway suggested that NAD-ME2 (encoding a malic enzyme) and L-aspartic acid jointly inhibit carbon fixation in the albino mutants, resulting in reduced photosynthetic efficiency and inhibited plant growth. Analysis of the TF–DEG network suggested that basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) and MYB-related TFs regulate the expression of genes involved in carbon fixation and energy metabolism to affect light responses or photomorphogenesis and normal growth. We selected 225 differentially expressed TF genes, 333 differentially expressed metabolic pathway genes, and 76 SCMs to construct two correlation networks. Analysis of the metabolites revealed 76 SCMs associated with metabolic pathways in the albino mutants, including L-aspartic acid, citric acid, succinic acid, and fumaric acid. Pathway analysis revealed that these DEGs were highly enriched in metabolic pathways such as ‘photosynthesis’, ‘carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms’, ‘glycolysis/gluconeogenesis’, and ‘TCA cycle’. heterophyllus seedlings from a set of 692 metabolites in A. We also identified 298 significantly changed metabolites (SCMs) in albino A. We identified 8,202 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 225 genes encoding transcription factors (TFs), from 82,572 full-length transcripts. To gain insight into the mechanisms underlying the differential growth and development between albino jackfruit mutants and green seedlings, we analyzed root, stem, and leaf tissues by combining PacBio single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing, high-throughput RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq), and metabolomic analysis. Jackfruit ( Artocarpus heterophyllus) is an important tropical fruit tree species.
Although albinism has been characterized in annual model plants, little is known about albino trees. Most plants rely on photosynthesis therefore, albinism in plants with leaves that are white instead of green causes slow growth, dwarfing, and even death.
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